NOTE: This is an archived version of the first incarnation of Brand New. All posts have been closed to comments. Please visit underconsideration.com/brandnew for the latest version. If you would like to see this specific post, simply delete _v1 from the URL.
Let me start by acknowledging that I like to cook, but I’m a bit of a purist when it comes to tools in the kitchen — I don’t get into all the gadgets — I own one chef’s knife for my cutting needs, cook my bread in the oven and consider a Moka far superior to something like this. That being said, I still enjoy visiting shops like Sur La Table to see all the whiz-bang they have to offer. Sur La Table originally opened as a shop selling hard-to-find French kitchenware in Seattle’s Pike Place Market, but is now more akin to Starbucks than a Seattle indie joint.
The previous wordmark is set in Roger Excoffon’s Mistral, a script face that still manages to look fresh more than 50 years after its creation and, in the American context, a rather ownable wordmark. The update feels as vibrant as its predecessor — clearly a play out of Ale Paul’s genius book — but more common in today’s type landscape where brush-influenced scripts are flourishing. It’s certainly beautiful, with a bit more gracefulness than the original through its lighter brush feel and use of white space. And the deep purple helps contrast and legibility. All that said, I’m not sure if this is an improvement. The previous mark had a sense of originality, time and place while not looking dated, whereas the new mark is set in what is now a familiar and trendy style. Perhaps simply updating the color palette would have been enough.
Jump to Most Recent Comment
scott’s comment is:
No comment on the gothic text beneith? I think the all-caps revision is a big improvement.
On Feb.20.2009 at 06:11 AM
Mrs. M’s comment is:
I confess: I hate Mistral. I don't know why, looking at it always makes me itch.
I also don't see the originality in the previous mark. In fact, to me, it feels fairly generic, with a '90s vibe. Could be my inexperienced first-year design student eyes. :)
I personally love the new treatment. It flirts and most assuredly makes me think of food. I also agree with scott. The all-caps tagline serves as a nice foundation for the mildly-bouncy script. I see this and get the sense it's breathing comfortably. I don't get that from the old logo.
I will say it's far more feminine. That might be its only disadvantage, since I'm guessing this is a gender-neutral business?
For what it's worth, I'm not much of a coffee drinker, but we own a Bialetti Moka Express.
On Feb.20.2009 at 07:27 AM
Alex’s comment is:
Honestly, I think the new wordmark is completely better. It's much more lighter, and I love the new subtext, along with the new roundness.
On Feb.20.2009 at 07:46 AM
koyo’s comment is:
Good job. Nice redisign.
On Feb.20.2009 at 08:13 AM
Josh’s comment is:
Maybe it's just your personal experience there?
I dunno, but it seems might tighter to me. And the all-cap treatment is about a hundred times nicer. To me it seems that Mistral is outdated as well, but that may just be a more regional experience.
On Feb.20.2009 at 08:43 AM
TFHackett’s comment is:
Glenn Sakamoto’s comment is:
Great job. Mistral sucks.
On Feb.20.2009 at 09:08 AM
marnie’s comment is:
Hm. I disagree, I think it's a vast improvement. The old logo immediately makes me think of a beach resort (Sandals?), pasty white bodies on the sand. The update puts me in mind of a French restaurant, which works with the product.
I agree with Mrs. M about the tagline providing a solid foundation--or tabletop--for the liveliness of the script.
On Feb.20.2009 at 09:18 AM
Erik’s comment is:
I agree that the new logo is an improvement over the previous. It comes across more refined & attractive too me. The old logo feels a little messy to me.
On Feb.20.2009 at 09:33 AM
Carl Hancock’s comment is:
Does anyone know which font was used for the new logo? If it is an Ale Paul typeface, does anyone know which one?
On Feb.20.2009 at 09:39 AM
Jarad’s comment is:
I'm going to have to agree that Mistral is in fact starting to feel outdated. Mrs. M hit it on the head with "90's and generic." The new one may be a bit caught up in trendiness, but it is well executed, and feels like it involved more effort and thought than the old one.
On Feb.20.2009 at 09:44 AM
rickyaustin’s comment is:
Mistral=originality?
I disagree. I think this new mark is a vast improvement in almost every way.
The last one looks as if it were typeset in MS Word. The new one reeks of sophistication.
On Feb.20.2009 at 09:51 AM
sra’s comment is:
I'm also going to have to disagree re: Mistral not feeling dated. The older mark feels heavy, like it might crush the tagline.
The balance in the new mark is much more pleasing, the tagline update is subtle but a big improvement.
On Feb.20.2009 at 09:59 AM
austin’s comment is:
This is quite a nice redo. I like the amount of breathing room given.
The only thing that is bugging me a little bit, is that 'table' is up ever so slightly higher than 'Sur.'
But it looks nice.
On Feb.20.2009 at 10:09 AM
Christopher Monnier’s comment is:
The "S" in the new wordmark is brilliant! It connotes luxury and refinement, which is exactly the identity that Sur le Table seems to be going for. I love the redesign.
On Feb.20.2009 at 10:15 AM
Diane Faye Zerr’s comment is:
This is a good overall update to a logo. I don't think that every redesign requires a complete and utter transformation.
I love the color and the balance that is now there between the name and the tag line. The subtle change that I noticed that no one seemed to mention is that the name is now in a sentence case rather than a title case. I think that change alone opened it up to an airy feel.
On Feb.20.2009 at 10:15 AM
Steve Rose’s comment is:
Mistral looks windblown, as it should. The new font looks delicious, but it stays in place.
On Feb.20.2009 at 10:15 AM
claes’s comment is:
Custom Script Logo > Font Logo.
The all-caps subtitle looks much better too.
On Feb.20.2009 at 10:19 AM
Luke Andrews’s comment is:
Mistral not dated? Really?
karen’s comment is:
i had never heard of sur la table until about 4 years ago, and the first thing i thought when i saw a store was how awful the logo was. i strongly dislike the mistral... especially how heavy the S, L, T were in comparison to the rest of the text. i think this new mark is a huge improvement... i love the color, i love the freshness. it feels more like a mark than something that was typed out on the fly and somehow stuck.
On Feb.20.2009 at 10:26 AM
Mrs. M’s comment is:
Oh irony of ironies!
I work in the same office as my mother. She's in charge of HR. I just happened to see a sheet of mail labels for birthday cards on her desk.
She set them in Mistral.
On Feb.20.2009 at 10:46 AM
Carlo’s comment is:
I'm not sure changing the uppercase "L" and "T" to lowercase was the best way to go?? Feels like it's erring too much on the side of white space.
On Feb.20.2009 at 10:49 AM
Harris’s comment is:
I agree, the new logo is worlds better than the last one. The new logo looks classier, stronger, and fresher.
By the way, I haven't seen a slim jim post. I tried to review it here: Please let me know what you think.
On Feb.20.2009 at 11:00 AM
Darryl Brown’s comment is:
Mistral? It may have been based on Mistral, or set in a knockoff, but it's not Mistral.
On Feb.20.2009 at 11:14 AM
Harris’s comment is:
The original is very similar to Mistral, but slightly more legible.
On Feb.20.2009 at 11:24 AM
Andre’s comment is:
In response to Carlo:
The uppercase letters of the former logotype were a dead giveaway that this shop wasn't as french as the name would like you to believe. The new mark brings the name grammatically on track with the language in which it is written, which I think gives a boost of authenticity to the brand.
I suspect it wasn't a purely aesthetic choice, but even if it had been, I'd still think it was clearly for the best. It is beautifully drawn and weighted. It kicks "Michaels'" ass.
On Feb.20.2009 at 11:27 AM
2fs’s comment is:
Mistral "fresh"? Good lord - I've always thought of it as a terrible cliche - fresh out of the box, unispired, greeting-card territory.
I'm not entirely sold on the new script - but I agree that the color choice and the all-caps gothic script both are vast improvements, so overall I think the new is much better than the old.
On Feb.20.2009 at 11:48 AM
Sean P McB’s comment is:
Andre's right - now it's grammatically correct.
But also, Mistral aside, in the original those caps stick out unbearably! Forget that you don't like the script and try not to focus on the very unscript caps. I don like. The new one has a much better flow from letter to letter.
On Feb.20.2009 at 12:22 PM
Mark Settle’s comment is:
This is a big improvement. Gothic ALLCAPS on the bottom alone makes a big difference. And I've never liked Mistral. The color, meh. But everything else is great.
On Feb.20.2009 at 12:23 PM
Jacob’s comment is:
I have to say that the old logo just screamed "generic script font" to me. The new one looks smoother.
On Feb.20.2009 at 12:36 PM
Darrin Crescenzi’s comment is:
Is that really a $2,399.00 coffee maker?
Excellent update. I especially like the way the l+e ligature is working…
On Feb.20.2009 at 12:40 PM
Bb’s comment is:
Mistral should be banned from all computers around the world. Good thing Sur La Table thinks so too. Good job on the new look. It keeps the same "concept" and "feel" of the old. I bet many consumers won't even notice, but they'll know something is tastier. Mine eyes want a smidgen less space between the words though.
On Feb.20.2009 at 12:46 PM
ArnoldP’s comment is:
The new mark is a little trendy but much stronger than the old one. I can't believe that someone would consider Mistral fresh and ownable. Great improvement.
On Feb.20.2009 at 12:46 PM
Cait’s comment is:
Gracious, Mistral was never really "fresh", even when it was first created. The new one is nice too, but it's not necessarily sophisticated in my opinion. It's definitely newer and cleaner, but I wouldn't go so far as to say it's sophisticated.
On Feb.20.2009 at 01:07 PM
Christian Palino’s comment is:
It's true that I didn't mention anything about "The Art & Soul of Cooking" as I wasn't feeling there was too much to say given its quiet nature in both settings -- here are a few thoughts.
As with the rest of the updated brand, I feel that the all-caps setting is an aesthetic improvement overall, improving balance and doing away with the overly open kerning of the previous setting. I appreciate the presence of the "&" in place of an additional full word in a rather long pay-off. However (despite the size difference in the two examples above) one could argue that the title-case is more legible than the all-caps setting -- though given that this is an extremely secondary item in the visual hierarchy of this lock-up, the supreme legibility may be less important.
I understand how folks feel looking at Mistral, I have similar reservations as well (though I still feel that in an American context of logos, aside from subjective taste, it is rather own-able. This would not be the case if we were in the context of French shop signs). And while I do prefer the rebrand (and a love for Paul-esque script work of all kinds), for me this raises an open question: will we have a similar reaction in 15/20 years to this kind of brush-script that we have now to Mistral?
On Feb.20.2009 at 01:20 PM
I. G.’s comment is:
The new one is much better, no contest.
On Feb.20.2009 at 01:53 PM
Dan’s comment is:
Mistral is still fresh? Good Lord... what's next -- Pompei's use of Papyrus is edgy?
That said, great redesign without throwing the baby out with the bathwater.
On Feb.20.2009 at 02:00 PM
Gary’s comment is:
Mistral was the Comic Sans of the 80s.
But I have the same issue with this that was earlier pointed out about the Michael's redesign (h/t TFHackett): it'll be difficult to fabricate for signage. Being a high-end specialty retailer rather than a big box like Michael's means it'll probably be less of an issue, but still. I'm a fan of the Starbucks model: create flexibility so you can have wonderfully readable signage, and a memorable mark, too.
On Feb.20.2009 at 02:01 PM
Char’s comment is:
I love this. It makes me hungry. I wanna eat some good Mediterranean food now. The all-cap Gothic text at the bottom, HUGE improvement. I agree. That's where Micahel's looks a bit messed up.
On Feb.20.2009 at 02:08 PM
daniel’s comment is:
wow, i'm glad i'm not the only one who can't stand mistral. when i think of "fresh", mistral is one of the last fonts i would think of.. down there with comic sans.
On Feb.20.2009 at 02:36 PM
Mark’s comment is:
eh...
it's ok.
nothing really exciting.
On Feb.20.2009 at 02:47 PM
Christian Palino’s comment is:
I think Excoffon's work is being shortchanged in many comments. Mistral has certainly seen periods of vast overuse in certain contexts, no disagreement there, however that brush work remains vibrant in the sea of brush faces out there. Perhaps "fresh" is too laden with ideas of newness, but I feel strongly that the rough, off-axis characters of Mistral look fresh in their rendering -- not overworked or overly manipulated. Comparing Comic Sans and Mistral is just plain unfair.
On Feb.20.2009 at 03:04 PM
Paula’s comment is:
I think the new logo works. The way the store feels is fun and casual, compared to their competitor, Williams Sonoma - so I think it’s appropriate that the new logo feels more lighthearted. I also like the all caps and ampersand in the tagline, the fact they made all of the letters lowercase except for the unique capital S, and how it actually looks handwritten (the a’s are different!). It just makes more sense than Mistral in default.
On Feb.20.2009 at 03:06 PM
Von K’s comment is:
I think the new mark is much better. I know it's got the feminine, light, brush script look that's so hot right now, but I don't that will hurt it's staying power. That look just seems to fit this brand well and I think they'll get plenty of mileage out of it.
Mistral isn't ownable at all, IMO. I live near the beach in Florida and every other mom & pop novelty shop & restaurant uses it. Plus that capital T is freaking crazy. It looks like it came from another font.
Oh, and the all-caps is good change, too. The letterspaced lowercase looked very 90s IMO.
On Feb.20.2009 at 03:37 PM
M.’s comment is:
It's good, not much to say. Nice work.
On Feb.20.2009 at 03:49 PM
moeed’s comment is:
looks nice, but not really original...
Piers’s comment is:
I have no idea what the brand is but the original logo makes me think of cheap toffee and the rejig conjures up Mediterranean roast vegetables.
I have a personal issue with Mistral as it occupied a large part of my student training and it makes me twitch when i see it.
mm’s comment is:
Yeah, the old one makes me assume they are still trying to sell off their inventory from 1993.
The new one makes me think they are selling new doodads with a healthy markup.
On Feb.20.2009 at 04:36 PM
matt’s comment is:
I still see 'Sun La Table' instead of 'sur' - new logo hasn't helped that any.
On Feb.20.2009 at 05:36 PM
Adam’s comment is:
I like the update relative to the original. It's more balanced with the strong, sans serif caps anchoring the loose, flowing face.
On Feb.20.2009 at 05:54 PM
R Berger’s comment is:
I find it strange that people post other logos done in script, mind you, not the same face, as a matter of fact, not even close, and say it looks the same, or that the new one is not original. Yes they are all script typefaces, but so what? Anyone take a basic typography class? Those posts read as silly as if someone posted a logotype created with Futura and compared it to one created with Helvetica.
On Feb.20.2009 at 06:09 PM
TFHackett’s comment is:
@R Berger:
Anyone take a basic typography class?
I have. And I posted the Michaels script logo alongside Sur le Table for comparison. Obviously the two logos are not the same typeface but I wouldn't say they're "not even close". I felt the look and feel was very similar.
Thanks though.
On Feb.20.2009 at 08:18 PM
DG3’s comment is:
Simply perfect!
On Feb.20.2009 at 09:58 PM
Jeff’s comment is:
Anyone who says Mistral is "fresh" clearly never owned a yearbook in the 80's.
On Feb.20.2009 at 11:13 PM
Anonymous’s comment is:
Not great... But I'll roll with it!
On Feb.21.2009 at 12:46 AM
Brad McCall’s comment is:
I love incremental changes to logos that full overhauls. I think they've done a good job with this one! Thanks for sharing it.
On Feb.21.2009 at 02:32 AM
Blaise’s comment is:
The new logo is brilliant and perfectly executed.
On Feb.21.2009 at 03:53 AM
Chuck Spidell’s comment is:
Love the update but there's a bit too much word spacing. The new logo complements their website well.
On Feb.21.2009 at 04:22 AM
DKM’s comment is:
Maybe I'm biased by the store's purpose, but the new look reminds me of two things, both food-related; looks like a souffle and a chef's hat.
The 'S' has a very Stardust Vegas look to it, though if left to itself. So much so that I'm looking for streaks behind the words radiating upward and outward.
But I like it.
On Feb.21.2009 at 04:43 AM
designscene’s comment is:
The new one looks much better, the old one was rigid. It looked like it was trying hard to be a hand-written logo, and the new one accomplishes that much more naturally. On the whole though, both look pretty generic. The hand-written scripts are in a lot of places and they don't look fresh or original anymore, even when they are.
On Feb.21.2009 at 05:31 AM
Dale Harris’s comment is:
Beautiful. Mistral is terrible.
On Feb.21.2009 at 06:28 AM
Bruce’s comment is:
I prefer the new treatment, but think the letterspacing is awful. I see "Sur la t able." I'd like to go to one of their cooking classes.
On Feb.21.2009 at 09:50 AM
nlx’s comment is:
The new treatment made it a logo, the old one don't look like a logo at all…
On Feb.21.2009 at 01:41 PM
Gustavo Cadar’s comment is:
I think it was a huge improvement of their logo. As said before, the new wordmark communicates immediately food and sophistication, concepts that I do not see in the old one.
On Feb.21.2009 at 05:54 PM
Gregory’s comment is:
Mistral: also known as shitty cafe menu font.
On Feb.22.2009 at 04:38 AM
Jacob’s comment is:
I'm surprised to hear such warm remarks about Mistral. The first time I noticed it was back in the 90s, when the central Pennsylvania-based grocery store chain Weis was rolling it out as a secondary typeface on store signage. At the time, I thought it was called "Minstrel" (hey, the face I downloaded for free back in the mid-90s was mis-labeled "Minstrel," so what did I know?) I then started to see it showing up everywhere somebody wanted to evoke a fresh, loose feeling--and I came to see it as a cliche rather than a good design choice. So, when I saw this post, I was expecting a "good riddance, Mistral!" sentiment. Surprised I am.
On Feb.22.2009 at 10:17 AM
Frank’s comment is:
Mistral makes me sick.It's the non-designers first choice when it comes to whip up a script-style logo in Word for their uncles garage business or their aunts flower shop.
Mistral, please go away.You're almost as fresh and beautiful as Comic Sans.
So, just because of this alone it's already a nice update.And beautiful, perfect kerning on the all caps tagline.Looks so much more elegant.
On Feb.22.2009 at 04:55 PM
Jolieta’s comment is:
So is this new logo an actual font? If so which?
Or did someone hand do the lettering?
On Feb.22.2009 at 05:24 PM
Darrel’s comment is:
If the original is Mistral, it's a cut I've never seen or else it's highly modified.
Not a huge fan of Mistral, but the custom modifications of it for the old logo are an improvement.
I don't think I have strong feelings either way. I agree that the old logo had a sense of place in time but wasn't severely outdated, and the new one is quite nice, though would agree it's a tad trendy.
On Feb.22.2009 at 07:27 PM
Joe Marianek’s comment is:
There is nothing less fresh than Mistral.
It carries a lot of burden from overuse as the go-to script
for "fancy" restaurants, mugs and strip-clubs thoughout the late 90s.
Nick Irwin’s comment is:
its been that logo for at least a year or two
On Feb.23.2009 at 02:53 PM
Nick Irwin’s comment is:
possibly even three years
On Feb.23.2009 at 02:55 PM
damon’s comment is:
the new one is really nice. the old one was nice as well, but this update was a solid move.
dig it.
On Feb.23.2009 at 03:20 PM
Shane’s comment is:
I think the new look is BETTER, but I also NEVER knew so many people HATE Mistral. Sadly I can't say I agree with you, I think Mistral has it's time and place, and is a decent scrip font.
Does anyone know what typeface the new logo is in?
On Feb.23.2009 at 04:19 PM
Bryan Habeck’s comment is:
The new logo was designed at LemleyDesign in Seattle. Our opinion was the Mistral could be found on bathroom signs, wasn't original and felt dated, heavy handed. The new logo is more playful, feminine (we slightly skew that way), original and approachable as a brand identity.
On Feb.23.2009 at 04:24 PM
Nick Irwin’s comment is:
I love this logo two years ago when I first saw it..
for anyone who says they see a "n" instead of a "r" in "Sur" please consult your cursive handwriting notes from elementary school thanks!
On Feb.23.2009 at 04:42 PM
Christian Palino’s comment is:
Bryan, thanks for weighing in for us from the Art Direction perspective of Sur La Table. For those of you interested, Lemley design has a post on their site here.
On Feb.23.2009 at 05:13 PM
Jeff A.’s comment is:
I love it!
Couldn't disagree more with the original posters comments regarding the typeface, it's a vast improvement.
On Feb.23.2009 at 05:17 PM
Bryan Habeck’s comment is:
The new logo launched in August '07.
On Feb.23.2009 at 05:38 PM
Rebecca Burgess’s comment is:
Hello! I work in Marketing at Sur La Table and stumbled upon this great discussion regarding our new logo. We’ve really enjoyed reading the comments and wanted to provide some background on some of the issues raised.
The logo was introduced in late ‘07 as part of a complete brand re-imagining. Our creative team worked with David Lemley here in Seattle. (His website, www.lemleydesign.com, has a great case study of the development of the new look, including some early versions). The script logo was hand-drawn and refined in Illustrator—it is not a font. We wanted to update our brand to better represent what we are: A unique kitchen company with hand-selected tools, gadgets and foods. Our customers are hands-on in the kitchen, so we wanted the brand to reflect a hand-made look. Even our color palate is food-inspired: eggplant, chocolate, pesto, etc. Our desire was to invoke emotions around the foods our customers love to cook with.
As you can imagine, it is interesting and exciting to read your comments regarding our work. Thanks for thinking of us.
On Feb.24.2009 at 07:19 PM
Aaron’s comment is:
I love the new logo...I always found it odd that a rather upscale, unique company like Sur La Table was using a rather pedestrian and dated font like Mistral (which, to me, has reached a level of boring ubiquity in the land of low budget business logos - think Papyrus. Shudder). The examples above prove that point quite comically. The new logo script and the change to all caps for the tag line is great, and, despite the proliferation of brush scripts lately, it has a unique identity. Kudos.
On Feb.25.2009 at 01:27 AM
fakar’s comment is:
simple yet elegant change... not sure about the kerning, but it is a improvement and fits the company much better
On Feb.25.2009 at 12:24 PM
Chris’s comment is:
While Mistral may have at one time been considered 'timeless' and 'perpetually fresh' it is certainly out of date today, and even gauche in my opinion. It has a very artificially brushed/80s level of technological sophistication about it. No doubt, the new one will one day look like old technology at some level, but at least it has some more playfulness than the stilted and forced Miami Vice vibe of the old mark.
Beyond that, the old mark looks like something an executive made in PowerPoint and then congratulated themselves on becoming a 'designer': awful. All caps tagline is a big upgrade as well.
On Feb.25.2009 at 12:30 PM
dminmem’s comment is:
Reading these comments has been a pleasure. One early comment stated "custom script logo > font logo." I couldn't agree more. I suspect that while the new look may be trendy presently, it will remain stylish for years to come because it's finely-detailed, carefully rendered, evenly stroked.
In my opinion, there is no comparison between the new Sur la Table logotype, which appears to have been rendered with a properly used calligrapher's pen, to the lumpy, ill-formed, juvenile Michael's logotype. With too many decender swashes, the broken stroke on the "l" and the ill-rendered letterforms, the Michael's logo will be an affront to any designer's eye until it's relegated to the trash can.
I don't understand the comment, "looks nice but not really original," in context with the hodge-podge mess of uneven and undulating strokes that create Abutzia or Aritzia or whatever it says. That can't even be loosely considered a script logo. Is that a "z," a "7," an upside-down "2"?
And, for the record, I agree with the comments about the initial caps of Mistral and how they look as if they don't belong with the rest of the characters. Whether or not the old logo used an authentic copy of Mistral or a cheap knockoff is of no consequence to me. I've never understood how the font became so ubiquitous. It's always been an ugly cop-out to me.
To create an authentic, original script one must possess a skilled knowledge of how letters are formed. It looks to me like David Lemley does. Great work.
On Feb.27.2009 at 07:14 PM
Nancy’s comment is:
I find the all-caps tagline less legible and far less graceful than the caps-and-lower-case version. I'm also am disappointed to see "and" replaced by an ampersand. It looks slapdash and inelegant and seems inappropriate to the brand, which is not about shortcuts. (I'm a name and tagline developer, not a designer, by the way.)
On Feb.27.2009 at 08:31 PM
XK9’s comment is:
C'est bon.
It looks much more Frenchified. The new type is original, confident and sophisticated.
Very well done.
On Mar.01.2009 at 05:56 PM
XK9’s comment is:
Mssr. Hackett.
That Michael's logo is atrocious. Amateur and unbalanced. You'd think a retailer of fine art supplies could be a little more aware of good design. Obviously Michael's has little to do with "fine" art or good design.
Sorry, I know that sounds elitist. But if you've ever been in a Michael's store before Christmas, you know I'm right.
...
Hmm... Armin, here's a question. Is good design elitist?
I suppose, only in the way that intelligence is elitist.
On Mar.01.2009 at 06:03 PM
Comments in Brand New, V1.0 have been closed.
